Elaboração e validação de Instrumento de Identificação de Assédio Sexual de Estudantes de Medicina (IIASEM) / Elaboration and validation of an Instrument to Identify Sexual Harassment of Medical Students (MESSHII)

Resumo Introdução: O assédio sexual é uma realidade que permeia as relações de poder hierárquicas e de gênero. Embora perceptível nos meios médico e acadêmico, é considerado uma violência silenciada que acarreta agravos orgânicos e psíquicos com grandes consequências para a vítima. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivos elaborar e validar um instrumento de identificação da ocorrência de assédio sexual em estudantes de Medicina. Método: Após revisão da literatura sobre o tema, elaborou-se um instrumento, com repostas do tipo Likert em cinco níveis de opção, que possui duas partes: a primeira com informações sobre características sociodemográficas e acadêmicas dos participantes, e a segunda contendo 21 itens agrupados em três dimensões: formas de assédio, fatores facilitadores e identificação do assediador no meio acadêmico e na prática hospitalar. Efetuaram-se as validações semântica e de conteúdo por consenso de especialistas, e a validação FACE realizada por grupo focal de 12 estudantes, sendo dois de cada ano do curso. Para verificação da confiabilidade, o instrumento foi enviado a 1.146 estudantes de Medicina uma vez por semana, por quatro semanas. Obteve-se a resposta de 350 (30,5%) estudantes no teste, seguindo a recomendação para estudos psicométricos. Após 15 dias, iniciou-se o reteste com os 350 respondentes do teste, seguindo a mesma cronologia de envio para a verificação da estabilidade. No reteste, obtiveram-se 69 respostas. Para a elaboração do banco de dados, utilizou-se o programa Excel versão 16, e, para a análise, adotou-se o programa estatístico Stata versão 13. O instrumento foi aplicado on-line pelo software livre LimeSurvey. Resultado: A confiabilidade do instrumento ficou evidenciada pelo alfa de Cronbach de 0,8163 e de 0,7826 para o teste e reteste, respectivamente. Para a constatação da estabilidade, utilizou-se o teste de Stuart-Maxwell que apresentou um valor de p = 0,126. Adotou-se ainda o Kappa ponderado, em que o resultado de todas as 21 assertivas está contido no intervalo de confiança, demonstrando a homogeneidade da distribuição dos escores médios entre o teste e o reteste. Conclusão: Como o instrumento validado se mostrou confiável e estável, pode ser utilizado em escolas médicas para a identificação do assédio sexual em estudantes de Medicina.

Abstract Introduction: Sexual harassment is a reality that permeates hierarchical and gender power relations, and although noticeable in the medical and academic environment, it is considered a silenced violence that causes organic and psychological harm, with great consequences for the victim. Objective: To develop and validate an instrument to identify the occurrence of sexual harassment in medical students. Method: This instrument was developed, after reviewing the literature on the subject, with Likert-type responses at five option levels, which has two parts: the first with information on the participants' sociodemographic and academic characteristics and the second containing 21 items grouped into three dimensions: forms of harassment, facilitating factors and identification of the harasser in the academic environment and in hospital practice. Semantic and content validation was carried out by consensus of experts and FACE validation was carried out by a focal group of 12 students, two from each year of the course. To verify reliability, the instrument was sent to 1,146 medical students once a week for four weeks, with 350 (30.5%) students responding to the Test following the recommendation for psychometric studies. After 15 days, the Retest was started with the 350 Test respondents, following the same submission chronology to verify stability. In the Retest, 69 responses were obtained. The Excel program version 16 was used to create the database and the Stata statistical program version 13 was used for the analysis. The instrument was applied online using the LimeSurvey free software. Results: The reliability of the instrument was evidenced by a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.8163 and 0.7826 for Test and Retest, respectively. For the verification of stability, the Stuart-Maxwell test was used, which showed a value of p = 0.126 and the weighted Kappa, where the result of all 21 assertions are contained in the confidence interval, demonstrating the homogeneity of the distribution of the average scores between the Test and the Retest. Conclusions: The validated instrument proved to be reliable and stable and can be used in medical schools to identify sexual harassment in medical students.

Maltrato a estudiantes de medicina del Paraguay en 2022: encuesta multicéntrica

Introducción: los estudiantes de medicina son propensos a recibir maltratos de sus colegas, personal administrativo y pacientes. Objetivo: determinar las características del maltrato a estudiantes de medicina del Paraguay en 2022. Metodología: se aplicó un diseño observacional, de corte transversal. Se incluyó a estudiantes de medicina, de ambos sexos, que aceptaban participar de la encuesta telemática. El muestreo fue por conveniencia. Se midieron variables demográficas. La percepción del maltrato fue evaluada según cuatro componentes (psicológico, físico, académico y sexual) utilizando el cuestionario de Munayco-Guillén F et al, previamente validado. El estudio contó con la aprobación del Comité de ética de la Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay. Resultados: el cuestionario fue contestado por 214 estudiantes, siendo 146 mujeres (edad media 24 ± 3 años) y 68 varones (edad media 25 ± 5 años). La mayoría reside en Asunción (29,4%) y asiste a universidades privadas (92%). La media ± DE del maltrato psicológico fue 1,89 ± 1,02, la del físico fue 1,64 ± 0,89, la del académico fue 2,01 ± 1,11 y la del sexual fue 1,4 ± 0,83. Aplicando puntos de corte en los percentiles 60 y 70, el maltrato fue leve en 126 estudiantes (58,9%), moderado en 24 (11,2%) y grave en 64 (29,9%). El motivo principal para no denunciarlo fue el miedo a ser señalado por los demás o recibir represalias (17,3%). Discusión: se detectó maltrato leve en 58,9%, moderado en 11,2% y grave en 29,9% de los estudiantes de medicina. Se requiere aplicar medidas de prevención y contención de los maltratos.

Introduction: medical students are prone to mistreatment from their colleagues, administrative staff, and patients. Objective: to determine the characteristics of the mistreatment of medical students in Paraguay in 2022. Method: an observational, cross-sectional design was applied. Medical students of both sexes who agreed to participate in the online survey were included. Sampling was for convenience. Demographic variables were measured. The perception of abuse was evaluated according to four components (psychological, physical, academic, and sexual) using the previously validated questionnaire by Munayco-Guillén F et al. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay. Results: the questionnaire was answered by 214 students, 146 being women (mean age 24 ± 3 years) and 68 men (mean age 25 ± 5 years). The majority reside in Asunción (29.4%) and attend private universities (92%). The mean ± SD of psychological abuse was 1.89 ± 1.02, physical abuse was 1.64 ± 0.89, academic abuse was 2.01 ± 1.11, and sexual abuse was 1.4 ± 0. 83. Applying cut-off points at the 60th and 70th percentiles, the abuse was mild in 126 students (58.9%), moderate in 24 (11.2%), and severe in 64 (29.9%). The main reason for not reporting it was fear of being singled out by others or receiving reprisals (17.3%). Discussion: mild abuse was detected in 58.9%, moderate in 11.2%, and severe in 29.9% of medical students. It is necessary to apply measures to prevent and contain abuse.

Conhecimento e experiências vividas por cirurgiões-dentistas quanto à importunação sexual e perseguição em Pernambuco, Brasil / Knowledge and experiences lived by dentists regarding sexual harassment and persecution in Pernambuco, Brazil

Importunação Sexual e Perseguição são práticas configuradas como crime pelo Código Penal Brasileiro - CPB. Sendo o tema pouco explorado na área da saúde, este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o nível de conhecimento do cirurgião-dentista atuante no estado de Pernambuco (Brasil), sobre estes dois tipos penais, suas experiências no exercício profissional e atitudes tomadas para resolutividade da questão. Para isto foi realizado estudo descritivo de corte transversal, com aplicação de um questionário online semiestruturado, através da plataforma Google Forms®, utilizando a metodologia "bola de neve", sendo coletados dados sociodemográficos, questões relacionadas ao conhecimento de Importunação Sexual e Perseguição, e por fim, questões relacionadas a experiências sofridas no exercício de sua profissão. Foram incluídos neste estudo 69 questionários, 22% respondidos por homens e 78% por mulheres. A maioria dos participantes respondeu que já ouviu falar sobre Importunação Sexual e sobre Perseguição, no entanto, grande parte demonstrou dificuldade em reconhecer a definição de Importunação, estabelecida pelo CPB. Os que informaram ter tido vivência com algum destes tipos penais, relataram que contaram o fato a um amigo, a algum familiar ou não fizeram nada a respeito. Conclui-se sobre existência de situações dentro da prática profissional odontológica que podem configurar, sobretudo, o crime de Importunação sexual. E, contar a um amigo, a um familiar ou mesmo não fazer nada a respeito foram as atitudes mais comumente realizadas por estes profissionais

Sexual Harassment and persecution are acts configured as a crime by the Brazilian Penal Code - CPB. As the subject is little explored in the health area, this work aimed to verify the level of knowledge of the dentists working in the state of Pernambuco (Brazil), about these two criminal types, their experiences in professional practice and attitudes taken to resolve the issue. For this, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, with the application of a semi-structured online questionnaire, through the google forms platform, using the "snowball" methodology, collecting sociodemographic data, questions related to the knowledge of sexual harassment and persecution, and by finally, questions related to the experiences suffered in the exercise of their profession. 69 questionnaires were included in this study, 22% answered by men and 78% by women. Most participants answered that they had already heard about sexual harassment and persecution, however, most of them showed difficulty in recognizing the definition of harassment, established by the CPB. Those who reported having had experience with one of these criminal types, reported that they told the fact to a friend, to a family member or did nothing about it. It concludes on the existence of situations within professional dental practice that can configure, above all, the crime of sexual harassment. And telling a friend, a family member or even doing nothing about it were the attitudes most commonly performed by these professionals

Hostigamiento laboral y síndrome de burnout en personal sanitario en un hospital de referencia

Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre la exposición a hostigamiento laboral y la presencia de síndrome de burnout en el personal sanitario de un hospital de referencia peruano. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal, analítico. Se incluyó a médicos internistas, cirujanos, enfermeras, residentes, internos de medicina y técnicos de enfermería de los departamentos de Medicina y Cirugía del Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue en Lima, Perú. Se usaron los cuestionarios Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) y Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) para la detección de burnout y hostigamiento, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, se evaluó la asociación con la edad, género, ocupación, estado civil, lugar de trabajo, conformidad con salario, carga familiar, actividad física, hábitos nocivos, vacaciones, afiliación religiosa, número de trabajos, remuneración mensual, tiempo de trabajo, horas laborales por semana, número de pacientes atendidos por día, guardias semanales y horas de descanso. El análisis multivariado se realizó mediante el uso de un modelo de regresión logística múltiple, para lo cual se utilizó como variable respuesta la presencia o no de burnout. Resultados: Se incluyeron a 206 participantes. De ellos, 22 (10,7 %) presentaron burnout y 27 (14 %), hostigamiento moderado a elevado. En el análisis bivariado, la edad (OR 0,94; IC 95 % 0,89-0,99; p = 0,02), el estado civil casados y convivientes (OR 2,85; IC 95 % 1,01-8,06; p = 0,04) y el hostigamiento (OR 5,20; IC 95 % 1,92-14,09; p = 0,009) se asociaron a la presencia de burnout. En el análisis multivariado, el único predictor significativo de burnout fue el hostigamiento laboral. La presencia de un hostigamiento moderado a elevado se asoció a un OR de 4,00 (IC 95 % 1,4-11,3; p = 0,009) comparado con bajos niveles de hostigamiento. Conclusiones: Es importante identificar a trabajadores de la salud con hostigamiento laboral por su fuerte asociación con el síndrome de burnout. Se considera indispensable la realización de una investigación complementaria que permita entender y abordar la problemática del hostigamiento laboral y su influencia en el desarrollo de burnout, así como estudios que permitan evaluar intervenciones destinadas a prevenir tanto el hostigamiento laboral como el burnout.

Objective: To determine the association between workplace harassment and burnout syndrome among healthcare personnel of a Peruvian referral hospital. Materials and methods: An analytical cross-sectional study which included internists, surgeons, nurses, residents, interns and nursing technicians from the Medicine and Surgery departments of Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue in Lima, Peru. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) and the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) were used for the assessment of burnout and harassment, respectively. Additionally, the association with age, gender, occupation, marital status, workplace, salary satisfaction, family burden, physical activity, harmful habits, vacations, religious affiliation, number of jobs, monthly remuneration, job tenure, working hours per week, number of patients seen per day, weekly shifts and rest hours was evaluated. A multivariate analysis was conducted using a multiple logistic regression model and the presence or absence of burnout as an outcome variable. Results: The study consisted of 206 participants, out of whom 22 (10.7 %) suffered burnout and 27 (14 %) moderate to severe harassment. In the bivariate analysis, age (OR 0.94; 95 % CI 0.89-0.99; p = 0.02), marital status such as married and cohabiting (OR 2.85; 95 % CI 1.01-8.06; p = 0.04) and harassment (OR 5.20; 95 % CI 1.92-14.09; p = 0.009) were associated with burnout. In the multivariate analysis, the only significant predictor of burnout was workplace harassment. Moderate to severe harassment was associated with OR 4.00 (95 % CI 1.4-11.3; p = 0.009) compared to mild harassment. Conclusions: It is important to identify health workers suffering workplace harassment due to its strong association with burnout syndrome. It is essential to carry out further research to understand and address the problem of workplace harassment and its influence on the development of burnout, as well as studies to evaluate interventions aimed at preventing both workplace harassment and burnout.

Workplace bullying and sexual harassment among general surgery residents in Colombia / Acoso laboral y sexual en residentes de cirugía general en Colombia

Introduction. Workplace bullying and sexual harassment are concerns among general surgery residents in Colombia. Objective. To explore the prevalence and impact of workplace bullying and sexual harassment incidents among general surgery residents in Colombia. Materials and methods. This nationwide study was conducted in 2020. Residents selfrated their exposure to workplace bullying and to sexual harassment in the forms of gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion. We analyzed demographic variables, perpetrator's characteristics, and differences between victims and non-victims. Results. The study included 302 residents. It found that 49% of general surgery residents in Colombia suffered from workplace bullying and 14.9% experienced sexual harassment. The main forms of sexual harassment were gender harassment (47%) and unwanted sexual attention (47%). Women reported significantly higher rates of being sexually harassed. Surgeons were the main perpetrators of sexual harassment. Conclusions. Workplace bullying and sexual harassment are frequent events in general surgery residency in Colombia. These findings suggest the need for interventions to improve the educational culture of surgical departments and decrease the prevalence of these behaviors.

Introducción. El acoso laboral y el acoso sexual son preocupaciones en la formación quirúrgica. Objetivo. Exploramos la magnitud de estos problemas entre los residentes de cirugía general en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio nacional en junio de 2020. Los residentes autoevaluaron su exposición a la intimidación y el acoso sexual en forma de acoso de género, atención sexual no deseada y coerción sexual. Se analizaron variables demográficas y perpetradores entre víctimas y no víctimas. Resultados. Se incluyeron un total de 302 residentes. Las tasas de acoso laboral y sexual fueron del 49% y 14,9%, respectivamente. Las principales formas de acoso sexual correspondieron al acoso de género (47%) y la atención sexual no deseada (47%). El acoso sexual fue significativamente mayor entre las mujeres. Los cirujanos fueron los principales perpetradores. Conclusiones. El acoso laboral y el acoso sexual son frecuentes en la formación quirúrgica en Colombia. Estos hallazgos conducen a intervenciones para mejorar la cultura educativa de los departamentos quirúrgicos para disminuir la prevalencia de estos comportamientos.

Abuse with impunity in sports: Some reflections

With the conviction of a US gymnastics coach on criminal sexual conduct and other charges, our attention is inevitably drawn to the sporting world in India. The case points to the imperative need for regulations, mandates and ethical codes to protect athletes, especially elite performers under pressure to win. As is now evident, authoritarian structures that do not allow athletes a voice are perfect locations for abuse. An examination of the state of ethical codes and regulations in sports in India is long due. This short essay looks at the issues that must find space in public discussion and in the deliberations of sporting bodies, with a particular emphasis on the role of the medical profession in sports.

¡Mujeres al borde! Acoso laboral y violencia doméstica se juntan en la pandemia / Women on the edge, workplace harassment and domestic violence come together in the pandemic

Se explora el panorama general de la percepción y experiencias de mujeres venezolanas, en medio de la pandemia de COVID-19, a partir de una investigación situada, por medio de una encuesta aplicada vía online entre septiembre y diciembre de 2020, dando lugar a 523 encuestas respondidas, provenientes de todas las regiones del país. Se emplearon 70 preguntas de tipo cerrada y abierta. Se recurrió a una metodología de levantamiento de información y análisis cuanticualitativo, con enfoque interpretativo, desde la epidemiologia crítica y la epistemología feminista. Como consecuencia de la pandemia y las medidas de prevención y contención, a partir de 2020, se relocalizan algunas actividades de producción y reproducción social. El distanciamiento y confinamiento de las personas en sus hogares, generó gran impacto. El peso del afrontamiento a la pandemia tiene un costo más alto para las mujeres, siendo estas la mayoría entre los trabajadores de la salud y quienes experimentan situaciones extremas, con alto impacto en su propia salud. De la investigación en línea, se extrae que las mujeres tenían una alta tasa de actividad económicoproductiva, con importante participación directa como suministradoras de cuidados en salud y con gran concentración de responsabilidades domésticas y de cuidados familiares, invadiéndolas sentimientos de agotamiento, incertidumbre y esperanzas por el avenir. Ante ello, está en juego el logro de justicia de género en los procesos de reproducción social, atendiendo las áreas de trabajo, cuidados y seguridad social, en favor de la dignidad y el bienestar de las personas, en particular de las mujeres(AU)

The general panorama of the perception and experiences of Venezuelan women, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, is explored from research situated, through a survey applied online between September and December 2020, resulting in 523 surveys answered, from all regions of the country. 70 closed-ended and open-ended questions were used. A methodology of information gathering and quantitative analysis was used, with an interpretative approach, from critical epidemiology and feminist epistemology. As a result of the pandemic and prevention and containment measures, as of 2020, some production and social reproduction activities are relocated. The distancing and confinement of people in their homes generated great impact. The burden of coping with the pandemic has a higher cost for women, who are the majority among health workers and those who experience extreme situations, with a high impact on their own health. the online research, it is extracted that women had a high rate of economic-productive activity, with important direct participation as providers of health care and with a high concentration of domestic and family care responsibilities, invading feelings of exhaustion, uncertainty and hopes for the future. Given this, the achievement of gender justice in the processes of social reproduction is at stake, attending to the areas of work, care and social security, in favor of the dignity and well-being of people, particularly women(AU)

Descripción del acoso sexual en docentes de un entorno universitario ecuatoriano / Description of sexual harassment in teachers at an Ecuadorian university environment

El acoso sexual se manifiesta ante la presencia de una serie de conductas de carácter sexual, explícitas o implícitas que resultan invasivas para quien las recibe. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la asociación entre tipo de acoso sexual y género en docentes y personal de apoyo a la academia de una universidad pública ecuatoriana. El estudio tuvo un diseño observacional con alcance asociativo y de corte transversal. Este se desarrolló en un entorno universitario ecuatoriano en 2021 con una población de 1247 docentes y personal de apoyo a la academia, seleccionando una muestra de 484 participantes mediante un muestreo no probabilístico de tipo sujetos voluntarios. Los datos se recolectaron a través de la aplicación de la encuesta ASIES. El 58,3% perteneció al género masculino, predominando las personas autoidentificadas como heterosexuales y la edad promedio fue 41 años. El 14,3% (69) sufrió alguna clase de acoso sexual durante su estadía en la institución, de las que, el 76,8% correspondió al género femenino, esas dos variables se asociaron significativamente (χ²=42,378; p=0,000). La diferencia en la prevalencia entre mujeres y hombres fue estadísticamente significativa (χ²= 42,378; valor p = 0,000). El acoso sexual se asoció significativamente con el género de los participantes autoidentificados como víctimas, observándose que en los hombres predominó en acoso verbal; mientras que, en las mujeres fue el no verbal

Sexual harassment manifests itself in a series of sexual, explicit, or implicit behaviors that are invasive for those who receive them. This study aimed to determine the association between the type of sexual harassment and gender in teachers and academic support staff of an Ecuado-rian public university. The study had an observational design with an associative and cross-sec-tional scope. This research was developed in an Ecuadorian university environment in 2021 with a population of 1,247 teachers and academy support staff, selecting a sample of 484 parti-cipants through a non-probabilistic sampling of voluntary subjects. The data were collected through the ASIES survey application. 58.3% were male, with a predominance of people self-identified as heterosexual, and the average age was 41. 14.3% (69) suffered sexual harass-ment during their stay at the institution, of which 76.8% corresponded to the female gender. These two variables were significantly associated (χ²=42.378; p=0.000). The difference in prevalence between women and men was statistically significant (χ²=42.378; p-value=0.000). Sexual harassment was significantly associated with the gender of the participants who self-identified as victims. It was observed that verbal harassment predominated in men and non-verbal in women.

Violência sexual contra mulheres estudantes em escolas médicas / Sexual violence against female students in medical schools

Resumo: Introdução: No mundo todo, a violência sexual é um evento prevalente contra mulheres estudantes de Medicina. A exposição ao toque, o contato físico e as incitações sexuais inoportunas podem ocorrer em vários ambientes da educação e da prática médica. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a violência sexual contra mulheres estudantes em escolas médicas. Método: Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado com 211 alunas de oito escolas médicas do Piauí, entrevistadas entre maio e novembro de 2021. Utilizou-se questionário on-line com perguntas sobre características sociodemográficas, informações da instituição e do curso, e aspectos relacionados à violência sexual no âmbito universitário. Realizou-se análise multivariada por regressão logística múltipla, com cálculo de odds ratios ajustadas (ORaj) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultado: Mais da metade (55%) das estudantes relatou algum tipo de violência sexual durante o curso de Medicina, mais frequentemente como evento único (69,3%). Comentários sexistas ou sexualmente degradantes (87,8%), ocorridos em ambientes de prática (55,3%), no primeiro e segundo anos do curso (65,8%) e em disciplinas do ciclo básico (63,0%) foram mais frequentes. O perfil majoritário dos agressores é representado por homens (99,0%), com mais de 40 anos (60,4%) e professores (59,3%). A violência sexual resultou em sofrimento emocional (47,3%) e queda da produtividade/qualidade do estudo (25%), porém a maioria não realizou denúncia (92,9%). Houve maior chance de violência sexual contra estudantes que se autodeclararam bissexuais (ORaj =3,87; IC95% 1,20-12,48) e de instituições de ensino públicas (ORaj = 3,12; IC95% 1,67-5,82). Conclusão: A prevalência de violência sexual durante o ensino médico foi elevada, revelada principalmente sob a forma de assédio sexual. Orientação sexual e características da instituição de ensino se associaram com a violência sexual. Os achados estimulam ações para prevenir e mitigar essa grave questão durante o ensino médico.

Abstract: Introduction: Sexual violence is a prevalent event against female medical students around the world. Exposure to touch, physical contact, and unwelcome sexual incitements can occur in a variety of educational and medical practice settings. Objective: To analyze sexual violence against female students in medical schools. Method: Cross-sectional study with 211 students from 8 medical schools in Piauí, interviewed between May and November 2021. An online questionnaire was used with questions about sociodemographic characteristics, information about the institution and the course, and aspects related to sexual violence at the university level. Multivariate analysis was performed using multiple logistic regression, with calculation of adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Result: More than half (55.0%) of the students reported some type of sexual violence during the medical course, more often as a single event (69.3%). Sexist or sexually degrading comments (87.8%), occurring in practice environments (55.3%), in the 1st and 2nd years of the course (65.8%) and in basic cycle subjects (63.0%) were more frequently. The profile of the majority of aggressors is represented by men (99.0%), over 40 years old (60.4%) and teachers (59.3%). Sexual violence resulted in emotional distress (47.3%) and reduced productivity/quality of study (25%), but the majority failed to report it (92.9%). There was a greater chance of sexual violence against students who self-reported as bisexual (AOR=3.87; 95%CI 1.20-12.48) and at public educational institutions (AOR=3.12; 95%CI 1.67-5.82). Conclusion: The prevalence of sexual violence during medical education was high, mainly revealed in the form of sexual harassment. Sexual orientation and educational institution characteristics were associated with sexual violence. The findings stimulate actions to prevent and mitigate this serious issue during medical education.

Adaptación transcultural de instrumentos para el estudio de acoso psicológico y factores relacionados en enfermeras/os

Objetivo: Presentar el proceso de adaptación transcultural de instrumentos utilizados para determinar la relación entre acoso psicológico en el trabajo, ambiente laboral y calidad de vida profesional en la intención de renuncia de profesionales de enfermería en dos países de Sudamérica: Chile y Perú. Material y Método: Estudio de corte transversal, metodológico realizado en los años 2022 y 2023. Para la validez de contenido se consideraron dos etapas: 1) revisión crítica de los instrumentos por parte del equipo investigador; 2) revisión del contenido a través del trabajo con expertas/os con la aplicación del método Delphi en conjunto con el cálculo de índices de validez de contenido. Para la consistencia interna los instrumentos fueron piloteados utilizando la plataforma QuestionPro® aplicando un muestreo por conveniencia a través de un llamado abierto en redes sociales (Facebook®, Twitter®y Linkedin®) a profesionales de enfermería que cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. La fase de pilotaje fue en una muestra de 30 profesionales por país. Como medida de consistencia interna se calculó un Alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: En la validación de contenido participaron entre siete y nueve expertas en las áreas de interés para el problema de investigación. La primera ronda de la técnica Delphi tuvo buenos índices de validez de contenido por ítem y promedio, el índice de contenido universal indicó la necesidad de realizar ajustes lingüísticos. Todos los instrumentos presentaron niveles aceptables de consistencia interna. Conclusiones: Se cuenta con instrumentos adaptados para el análisis del fenómeno en estudio para cada país.

Objective: To present the process of cross-cultural adaptation of instruments used to determine the relationship between psychological harassment at work, work environment and professional quality of life, in relation to the intention to leave the job, of nursing professionals in two South American countries: Chile and Peru. Material and Method: Cross-sectional, methodological study carried out in the years 2022 and 2023. Two stages were considered for content validity: 1) critical review of the instruments by the research team, 2) review of the content by working with experts using the Delphi method, along with the calculation of content validity indices. To ensure internal consistency, the instruments were piloted using the QuestionPro® platform by applying convenience sampling through an open call on social networks (Facebook®, Twitter® and Linkedin®) to nurses who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The pilot phase was conducted with a sample of 30 professionals per country. Cronbach's alpha was calculated as a measure of internal consistency. Results: Between seven and nine experts in the areas of interest of the research problem participated in the content validity process. The first round of the Delphi technique showed good content validity indices per item and average, the universal content index indicated the need for linguistic adjustments. All instruments showed acceptable levels of internal consistency. Conclusions: For each country there are instruments adapted to the analysis of the phenomenon under study.

Objetivo: Apresentar o processo de adaptação transcultural de instrumentos utilizados para determinar a relação entre assédio moral no trabalho, ambiente de trabalho e qualidade de vida profissional na intenção de deixar o emprego de profissionais de enfermagem em dois países da América do Sul: Chile e Peru. Material e Método: Estudo transversal e metodológico realizado nos anos 2022 e 2023. Duas etapas foram consideradas para a validade de conteúdo: 1) revisão crítica dos instrumentos pela equipe de pesquisa; 2) revisão do conteúdo por meio do trabalho com especialistas usando o método Delphi, juntamente com o cálculo dos índices de validade de conteúdo. Para garantir a consistência interna, os instrumentos foram testados usando a plataforma QuestionPro®, aplicando amostragem por conveniência por meio de uma chamada aberta nas redes sociais (Facebook®, Twitter® e Linkedin®) para enfermeiros que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. A fase piloto foi realizada com uma amostra de 30 profissionais por país. O alfa de Cronbach foi determinado como uma medida de consistência interna. Resultados: Entre sete e nove especialistas nas áreas de interesse do problema de pesquisa participaram da validação do conteúdo. A primeira rodada da técnica Delphi apresentou bons índices de validade de conteúdo por item e média; o índice de conteúdo universal indicou a necessidade de ajustes linguísticos. Todos os instrumentos apresentaram níveis aceitáveis de consistência interna. Conclusões: Para cada país existem instrumentos adaptados para a análise do fenómeno em estudo.

Nos bastidores da gestão da Saúde Pública: Ensaio-discussão sobre um itinerário por lugares onde habita o poder gestionário / Behind the scenes of Public Health Management: essay-discussion on an itinerary where management power resides

O gerenciamento da Saúde pública refere-se a um lugar que lida diretamente com os recursos para a promoção, prevenção e recuperação da vida humana. Esse movimento representa a prática de um direito constitucionalmente garantido. Todavia, ao fazer parte dos seus microprocessos, experienciando o agir daqueles que os impulsionam (ou não), tanto no aspecto individual como coletivo, compreendi a necessidade de apresentar minha vivência nos bastidores da gestão nas esferas governamentais que atuei. Assim, tornou-se urgente descrever a rotina instaurada pelo poder gestionário, bem como a forma que se geraram/geram tomadas de decisões nas políticas públicas. Para tanto, parto do pressuposto de que o Estado hesita em propiciar o bem-estar e a qualidade de vida para o seu povo, fazendo com que o seu poder (constitucionalizado) institucionalize o controle e a administração da governança sob o seu território, submetendo-os aos interesses que não estão associados às necessidades sociais. Na intenção de construir um espaço de reflexão, emerge a hipótese de que as instituições que representam a governança estatal se apresentam funcional e intencionalmente abstratas, indiferentes ao seu real dever constitucional, fomentando a regulamentação e a manutenção do caos, produzindo uma fragilidade no sistema e, como consequência, permitindo os privilégios dos amantes do poder, promovendo o vazio assistencial e a morte de seu povo. Portanto, com o propósito de elaborar uma narrativa de todo esse processo vivido, elaboro um pout-pourri de ideias propostas por autores com os quais me identifico metodologicamente, balizando os contornos que considero necessários, sendo o mais fidedigna possível nos relatos. Nesse processo, destaco o arcabouço do método de Richard Sennett e a experiência de campo de Simone Weil. Ademais, realizo um diálogo acerca dos sentidos de gestão, dos seus impactos estabelecidos no universo das relações do trabalho em saúde e das necroses ­ tanto emocionais quanto físicas ­ produzidas nas vidas abaladas pelo descuidado em saúde. Dessa forma, aproprio-me do saber constituído pela prática, exemplificando por intermédio da narrativa, o ato de sentir na pele a magnitude do vigor amoral da gestão, na intenção de expor elementos que são cruciais à execução e à manutenção de seu poder. Por fim, reconhecendo o conhecimento estabelecido pelas experiências, aponto as sequelas no âmbito do trabalho da Saúde pública, revelando os seus ilimitados ditames que ocasionam a morte em suas diferentes versões. Diante das críticas lançadas ao longo deste trabalho, sobre a forma de fazer a gestão, entendendo a necessidade de pensarmos em outras maneiras de construirmos esse lugar, lamento não ser capaz de produzir argumentos e direções possíveis. A conjuntura não permite que eu ocupe outra posição, a não ser a da incredulidade. Não acredito em possibilidades concretas de modificação do nosso cenário. Contudo, não deixa de ser urgente a necessidade de encontrar outras formas possíveis de se fazer gestão em prol, de fato, da vida coletiva. É imprescindível que, ainda assim, haja firmeza de caráter o suficiente para manter o propósito focado no cuidado em saúde do usuário, assim como uns dos outros, também, ao longo desse processo. (AU)

Public Health Management refers to a place that directly deals with resources to promote, prevent and recover human life. This movement represents the practice of a constitutionally guaranteed right. However, by being part of their microprocesses, experiencing the actions of those who drive them (or not), both individually and collectively, I understood the need to show my experience behind the scenes of management in the government fields in which I worked. Thus, it became urgent to describe the routine established by the management power, as well as the way in which decision-making in public policies was generated. Then, I assume that the Government hesitates to provide well-being and quality of life to the people. Besides that, it has the power to institutionalize the control and administration of governance under its territory, subjecting them to interests that are not associated with social needs. In order to build a space for reflection, the hypothesis states that the institutions which represent state governance are functionally and intentionally abstract. So, they are indifferent to their real constitutional duty, encouraging regulation and the maintenance of chaos, producing fragility in the system and, as a consequence, allowing the privileges of lovers of power, promoting a vacuum in assistance and the death of people. Therefore, with the purpose of elaborating a narrative of this process, I elaborate a mix of ideas proposed by authors connected to my thoughts, so defining the contours that I consider necessary, being as reliable as possible in the reports. In this process, I highlight the framework of Richard Sennett's method and Simone Weil's field experience. Furthermore, I carry out a dialogue about the meanings of management, its impacts established in the field of health work relationships and the damages ­ both emotional and physical ­ produced in lives shaken by carelessness in health. In this way, I receive the knowledge constituted by practice, exemplifying through narrative, the act of feeling firsthand the magnitude of the amoral vigor of management. So, as a consequence, I am exposing elements that are crucial to the execution and maintenance of government's power. Finally, recognizing the knowledge established by experiences, I pointed out the consequences in the scope of public health work, revealing its unlimited dictates which cause death in different versions. In view of the criticisms launched throughout this work about the way of managing and thinking of other ways of building this place, I regret not being able to produce possible arguments and directions. This situation does not allow me to occupy any other position than that of disbelief. I do not believe in real possibilities of changing our reality. However, it is still urgent to understand the need to find other possible ways of managing for the benefit, in fact, of collective life. It is essential that, even so, there must be enough firmness of character to maintain the purpose to focus on the health care of the user, as well as each other, throughout this process. (AU)

Violência e assédio no trabalho: expectativa sobre a ratificação da Convenção 190 da OIT pelo Brasil / Violence and harassment at work: expectations regarding the ratification of ILO Convention 190 by Brazil

A violência e o assédio no trabalho apresentam elevada prevalência e têm efeitos profundos e custosos, que envolvem desde danos à saúde física e mental até desligamento do trabalho e perdas econômicas para trabalhadores, empregadores e sociedades1,2. A Convenção 190 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) é o primeiro tratado internacional a reconhecer o direito a um mundo do trabalho livre de violência e assédio e foi adotada, em junho de 2019, pela Conferência Geral da OIT, juntamente à Recomendação nº 206. Em seu primeiro artigo, a expressão "violência e assédio" no mundo do trabalho é definida como "uma série de comportamentos e práticas inaceitáveis, ou ameaças desses, seja uma única ocorrência ou repetida, que visam, resultam ou podem resultar em danos físicos, psicológicos, sexuais ou econômicos, e inclui violência e assédio de gênero".

Workplace violence and harassment are highly prevalent and have profound and costly effects, ranging from physical and mental health damages to job disengagement and economic losses for workers, employers, and societies1,2. The International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 190 is the first international treaty to recognize the right to a world of work free from violence and harassment. It was adopted in June 2019 by the ILO General Conference, alongside Recommendation No. 206. In its first article, "violence and harassment" in the world of work is defined as "a range of unacceptable behaviours and practices, or threats thereof, whether a single occurrence or repeated, that aim at, result in, or are likely to result in physical, psychological, sexual or economic harm, and includes gender-based violence and harassment." Furthermore, "gender-based violence and harassment" refers to "violence and harassment directed at persons because of their sex or gender, or affecting persons of a particular sex or gender disproportionately, and includes sexual harassment".

Sexual harassment in public transport among female students at the Federal university of technology Akure, Nigeria

Background: Every day females experience different types of sexual harassment while using public transportation worldwide. Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence of sexual harassment amongst female students who travel by public transportation at the Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA) Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study. Data was collected using electronic questionnaires and analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics version 21. Frequencies and percentages were used for data summary. Association between variables was determined using Chi Square test. Statistical significance was a p-value < 0.05. Results: Ninety-three percent of female students in FUTA had experienced sexual harassment. Among those who had experienced sexual harassment, 98.4% were single, 81.5% lived off campus, 79.0% used public bus, 45.4% commuted daily, 84.7% was in an overcrowded vehicle and 52.9% was in the evening. There was a significant association between sexual harassment and marital status (p = 0.033), place of residence (p = 0.019), mode of public transportation (p = 0.014), time of travel (p = 0.018). Verbal sexual harassment was most prevalent (91.1%), followed by physical sexual harassment (87.6%) and non-verbal sexual harassment (82%). Conclusion: This study found a high prevalence of sexual harassment among female university students in FUTA using public transportation, which occurs in a variety of scenarios, particularly in crowded vehicles during rush hour

Dimensões do assédio na escola: diálogos sobre gênero com jovens estudantes de ensino médio de São Paulo/Brasil / Dimensiones del acoso en la escuela: diálogos sobre género con jóvenes estudiantes de la enseñanza media de São Paulo/Brasil / Dimensions of harassment at school: dialogs about gender with young high school students in São Paulo/Brazil

Neste artigo, discutimos os usos da categoria "assédio" empregada por jovens estudantes de escolas públicas de Ensino Médio para dar sentido a experiências de violência e discriminação de gênero ocorridas dentro e fora da escola. A análise baseia-se em registros de trabalho de campo produzidos no âmbito de uma pesquisa multicêntrica e de métodos mistos, realizada em nove escolas de São Paulo (SP/BR). O assédio aparece como uma categoria polissêmica que, ao nomear a violência, ajuda no enfrentamento das hierarquias e desigualdades de gênero e geração. Depreendemos que as jovens têm questionado normativas e atitudes que alimentam as desigualdades de gênero nas escolas, além de denunciarem o silenciamento ou inadequação da instituição no enfrentamento do problema, o que possibilita identificar convergências com uma nova sensibilidade em torno da violência contra mulheres que os discursos feministas globalizados fizeram emergir.(AU)

Resumen En este artículo discutimos los usos de la categoría "acoso" empleada por jóvenes estudiantes de escuelas públicas de enseñanza media para dar sentido a la experiencia de violencia y discriminación de género ocurridas dentro y fuera de la escuela. El análisis se basa en registros de trabajo en campo producidos en el ámbito de una investigación multicéntrica y de métodos mixtos, realizada en nueve escuelas de São Paulo (SP/BR). El acoso parece como una categoría polisémica que, al nombrar la violencia, ayuda en el enfrentamiento de las jerarquías y desigualdades de género y generación. Concluimos que las jóvenes han puesto en tela de juicio normativas y actitudes que alimentan las desigualdades de género de las escuelas, además de denunciar el silenciamiento o la inadecuación de la institución en el enfrentamiento del problema, lo que posibilita la identificación de convergencias con una nueva sensibilidad alrededor de la violencia contra mujeres que los discursos feministas globalizados hicieron surgir.(AU)

Abstract In this article, we discuss uses of "harassment" as a category employed by young students from public high schools to make sense of violence and gender discrimination experiences that occur in and out of school. The analysis is based on fieldwork records produced within the scope of a multicenter, mixed-methods research carried out in nine schools located in São Paulo. Harassment appears as a polysemic category that, by naming violence, helps to face gender and generation hierarchies and inequalities. We infer that the young girls have questioned norms and attitudes that feed gender inequalities in schools; in addition, they have denounced the silence or inadequacy of the institution in facing the problem. This enables to identify convergences with a new sensibility regarding violence against women that globalized feminist discourses have brought to the surface.(AU)

Violência sexual e saúde mental de universitários: uma sistematização da literatura brasileira / Sexual violence and mental health of college students: a systematic review of Brazilian literature / Violencia sexual y salud mental de universitarios: una sistematización de la literatura brasileña

A presença da violência sexual nas universidades tem afetado diferentes esferas da vida de estudantes, inclusive a saúde mental. O artigo teve como objetivo investigar e categorizar os efeitos da violência sexual sobre a saúde mental de alunos/as, bem como identificar possíveis estratégias para lidar com o problema. Foi realizada uma sistematização da literatura brasileira dos últimos dez anos. Identificou-se que grande parte dos textos define a violência como um fenômeno sociocultural, e alguns explicam a violência a partir de definições jurídicas. Além disso, constatou-se que a violência sexual produz efeitos prejudiciais de ordem psicológica, física, acadêmica e inter-pessoal. Sobre as ações de enfrentamento, foi verificado que a maioria das intervenções mencionadas é remediativa. Por já estar instaladas e apresentar efeitos prejudiciais aos estudantes, as estratégias remediativas são necessárias para lidar com os problemas gerados na saúde mental das vítimas. No entanto, como a violência sexual foi considerada majoritariamente um fenômeno de natureza sociocultural, intervenções preventivas também são requeridas para que os determinantes responsáveis pela violência sexual sejam modificados. (AU)

The presence of sexual violence in universities has affected different spheres of students' lives, including their mental health. This paper aims to investigate and categorize the effects of sexual violence on the mental health of students and identify possible strategies for dealing with this problem. A systematic review of Brazilian literature from the past ten years was carried out. It was found that a large part of the texts defines violence as a sociocultural phenomenon, and some explain violence from legal definitions. In addition, it was found that sexual violence produces detrimental effects of a psychological, physical, academic, and interpersonal nature. As for the coping actions, it was found that most of the interventions mentioned are remedial. Because this type of violence is already installed and presents detrimental effects to students, reme-dial strategies are necessary to deal with the problems generated in the mental health of victims. However, as sexual violence was considered predominantly a sociocultural phenomenon, preventive interventions are also required so that the determinants responsible for sexual violence can be modified. (AU)

La presencia de la violencia sexual en las universidades ha afectado a diferentes ámbitos de la vida estudiantil, incluida la salud mental. El artículo tuvo como objetivo investigar y categorizar los efectos de la violencia sexual sobre la salud mental de los/las alumnos/as, así como identificar posibles estrategias para hacer frente al problema. Se realizó una sistematización de la literatura brasi-leña de los últimos diez años. Se identificó que la mayoría de los textos definen la violencia como un fenómeno sociocultural y algunos explican la violencia a partir de definiciones legales. Además, se ha constatado que la violencia sexual produce efectos perjudiciales de orden psicológico, físico, académico e interpersonal. Sobre las acciones de enfrentamiento, la mayoría son interven-ciones de remediación. Debido a los efectos nocivos de la violencia sexual en los estudiantes, son necesarias estrategias de remediación para hacer frente a los diversos problemas que se generan en la salud mental de las víctimas. Sin embargo, como la violencia sexual fue considerada mayoritariamente un fenómeno de carácter sociocultural, también se requieren intervenciones preventivas para que se modifiquen los determinantes responsables de la violencia sexual. (AU)

Violencia sexual en un municipio de Colombia: características de las víctimas y de sus victimarios, 2011-2020 / Sexual violence in a Colombian municipality: Victims' and offenders' characteristics, 2011-2020

Introducción. La violencia sexual es un problema de salud pública inscrito en las agendas sociales y políticas a nivel global. Representa una urgencia médica que se atiende en los servicios de salud, lo que los convierte en la principal fuente de su registro en los sistemas de vigilancia en salud pública. Objetivo. Analizar las características sociodemográficas de las víctimas de violencia sexual y de sus victimarios en el municipio de Envigado, Antioquia, entre el 2011 y el 2020. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal descriptivo a partir de todos los registros de violencia sexual notificados en el Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública de la violencia de género e intrafamiliar de Envigado (código de ficha INS-875), durante el periodo 2011-2020. Resultados. Se registraron 807 casos de violencia sexual entre 2011 y 2020; el 62,0 % correspondió a casos de abuso sexual a personas menores de 18 años; el 82,3 % de las víctimas estaba constituido por mujeres adolescentes agredidas por familiares; los principales agresores fueron hombres (99,1 %), con una mediana de edad 26 años. Conclusión. La violencia sexual es un problema en aumento; en el 2020, año del confinamiento poblacional por la Covid-19, las tasas en mujeres y durante la primera infancia, la adolescencia y la juventud, fueron las más altas del periodo de estudio.

Introduction: Sexual violence is a public health problem included in political and social agendas worldwide. It is a medical emergency seen in health services, which are the main source of record-keeping by means of public health surveillance systems. Objective: To analyze the sociodemographic characteristics of victims of sex offenses and their offenders in the municipality of Envigado, Antioquia, between 2011 and 2020. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that analyzed all the sexual violence records reported in the Envigado Public Health Surveillance System for gender and intrafamilial violence (file code INS-875) during the 2011-2020 period. Results: A total of 807 cases of sexual violence were recorded between 2011 and 2020; 62.0% were cases of sexual abuse against persons under 18 years of age, and 82.3% of the victims were adolescent women suffering sexual violence exerted by relatives. The main aggressors were men (99.1%) with a median age of 26 years. Conclusion: Sexual violence has increased over time and in 2020, the year of population confinement due to COVID-19, the rates in women and in the life courses of early childhood, adolescence, and youth were the highest during the study period.

Consecuencias psicológicas del sexting y relación con el estrés académico / Psychological consequences of sexting and relationship with the academic stress

Se presenta el caso de una estudiante de segundo año medicina, atendida en la Unidad de Orientación Estudiantil de la Facultad de Medicina No. 1 de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba, entre septiembre y diciembre de 2021, por presentar problemas académicos y manifestaciones de estrés debido a que fue víctima de acoso verbal y psicológico por parte de sus compañeros de grupo a partir de un acto de sexting por parte de su pareja. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior se le dio seguimiento para un mejor estudio y se comparten los hallazgos con la comunidad científica en general.

The case of a second year medicine student is presented, assisted in the Student Orientation Unit of Medicine Faculty No. 1 in the University of Medical Sciences from Santiago de Cuba, between September and December, 2021, due to academic problems and stress manifestations because she was victim of verbal and psychological harassment by her groupmates as a result of an act of sexting by her couple. Taking into account the above-mentioned she was followed up for a better study and findings are shared with the scientific community in general.

Cirurgiões-dentistas diante de situações de assédio e importunação sexual: revisão integrativa / Dentists facing situations of sexual harassment: integrative review

Assédio e importunação sexual são tipos de violência configurados como crime pelo Código Penal Brasileiro. Situações como estas são frequentemente vivenciadas pela população, sendo as mulheres as principais vítimas. Na Odontologia, tais comportamentos tem trazido bastante preocupação, e promovido experiências negativas seja aos Cirurgiões-dentistas, Auxiliares de Saúde Bucal ou Técnicos de Saúde Bucal. Assim, por meio de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, este estudo objetivou analisar se o Cirurgião-dentista se sente preparado em lidar com este problema, as atitudes tomadas pelos Cirurgiões-Dentistas quando diante de situações em que se sinta assediado ou importunado sexualmente durante sua atividade profissional, bem como os sentimentos gerados pela experiência vivida. Para seleção dos artigos utilizou-se as bases de dados PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS) e periódicos CAPES, e a amostra desta revisão constituiu-se em sete artigos. Após análise destas publicações, os resultados dos estudos apontaram prejuízos aos profissionais que vão desde o trabalho à vida pessoal. Foram relatados sentimentos de ansiedade, medo, perda de ânimo para realização das atividades profissionais, além de pesadelos e recordações angustiantes do momento vivido. Constatou-se que os Cirurgiões-dentistas de ambos os sexos não se sentem preparados profissionalmente para lidar com situações de assédio e importunação sexual, e que estes consideram de extrema relevância a inclusão da temática nos currículos dos cursos de graduação em Odontologia

Sexual harassment is a type of violence configured as a crime under the Brazilian Penal Code. Situations like these are frequently experienced by the population, with women being the main victims. In Dentistry, such behaviors have brought a lot of concern, and promoted negative experiences either for Dentist, Oral Dental Assistant or Dental Hygienists. Then, through an integrative literature review, this study aimed to analyze whether the dentist feels prepared to deal with this problem, the attitudes taken by dentists when faced with situations in which they feel sexually harassed during their professional activity, as well as the feelings generated by the lived experience. For selection of articles, the databases PubMed, Virtual Health Library (VHL) and CAPES periodicals were used, and the sample of this review consisted of seven articles. After evaluating these studies, the results pointed to several harms for professionals that happen from work to personal life. Feelings of anxiety, fear, and discouragement to do their job were reported, as well as nightmares and distressing memories of the lived moment. It was also found that Dentists do not feel professionally prepared to deal with situations of sexual harassment, and that they consider the inclusion of the subject in undergraduate dentistry curricula extremely relevant

Acoso sexual en espacios públicos hacia adolescentes peruanas

RESUMEN Fundamento Los espacios públicos deberían ser lugares seguros para el libre tránsito de las personas, sobre todo para las mujeres, y más aún si son menores de edad. En el caso de las adolescentes, muchas veces son víctimas de acoso sexual en las calles u otros sitios, situación que podría afectar de manera significativa su desarrollo integral. Objetivo caracterizar el acoso sexual en espacios públicos hacia adolescentes peruanas. Métodos estudio descriptivo comparativo, que incluyó a 372 escolares de dos instituciones educativas (una pública y otra privada) de la provincia del Santa (Perú). Se aplicó el cuestionario de acoso sexual callejero, instrumento de 13 ítems. La estadística descriptiva fue empleada para determinar los niveles de acoso sexual; mientras que la estadística inferencial identificó diferencia estadística del acoso respecto a ambas instituciones educativas. En base a la normalidad de los datos, la prueba utilizada fue T de Student. Resultados el acoso sexual fue de nivel medio en ambas escuelas, 52,4 % en la privada y 45 % en la pública. Se evidenció diferencia estadística significativa entre las participantes de uno y otro centro educativo, con respecto a las dimensiones comportamientos de interacción social, componente verbal y componente físico; así como al acoso sexual en general. Conclusión El acoso sexual en espacios públicos fue, en la mayoría de los casos, de nivel medio. Los comportamientos de interacción social, así como el componente verbal resultaron las dimensiones más prevalentes del acoso hacia las adolescentes de ambas instituciones educativas de la provincia del Santa (Perú).

ABSTRACT Background Public spaces should be safe places for the free movement of people, especially for women, and even more so if they are minors. In the case of adolescent girls, they are often victims of sexual harassment in the streets or other places, a situation that could significantly affect their comprehensive development. Objective to characterize sexual harassment in public spaces towards Peruvian adolescents. Methods comparative descriptive study, which included 372 schoolchildren from two educational institutions (one public and one private) in the province of Santa (Peru). The street sexual harassment questionnaire, a 13-item instrument, was applied. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the levels of sexual harassment; while the inferential statistics identified a statistical difference in bullying with respect to both educational institutions. Based on the normality of the data, the Student´s t-test was used. Results sexual harassment was at a medium level in both schools, 52.4 % in the private one and 45% in the public one. A significant statistical difference was evidenced between the participants of one and another educational center, with respect to the behavioral dimensions of social interaction, verbal component and physical component; as well as sexual harassment in general. Conclusion Sexual harassment in public spaces was, in most cases, medium level. Social interaction behaviors, as well as the verbal component, were the most prevalent dimensions of bullying towards adolescents from both educational institutions in the province of Santa (Peru).

CRITICAL ISSUES OF STREET GARMENTS VENDORS - A CASE STUDY IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

The street garments vendors are one of the constituent pillars of the giant unorganised workforce. They are the selfemployed category contributing a significant share to the economy of each country. The street garments vendors face many problems in the daily chores of their vending activities. The present study is conducted to examine the problems of street garments vendors in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh. Four hundred and fifty samples were drawn from the universe under simple random sampling method. The results show that women are dominating the street vending trades. The major problems include sexual harassment, physical evictions by the enforcement authorities. There is a significant relationship between the problems faced by the respondents and their overall perception about the street garments vendors. The study concludes that the Government of Andhra Pradesh has implemented more than 75 per cent of the provisions of the street garments vendors Act. The study ends with the concluding note that the Street garments vendors Act is to be implemented in letter and spirit to minimise the problems and issues against the street garments vendors in Chittoor District